Mouth sores: what they are, the different types, symptoms and treatments

Although often small, mouth sores can cause considerable discomfort, especially when eating, drinking, and speaking.

In this article, we will explore the different types of mouth sores and their potential causes, as well as offer practical tips for prevention and treatment, helping you gain a better understanding of how to alleviate discomfort and improve your overall oral health.

What are mouth sores?

Mouth sores are small lesions that usually occur on the tongue, lips, gums, inner cheeks, the roof of the mouth and at the corners of the mouth. They can vary in appearance, size, and severity, and may cause pain and discomfort.

Types of mouth sores

As previously mentioned, there are numerous types of mouth sores which can vary in appearance and severity. Below we will explore just some of these types of mouth sores so that you can gain a deeper understanding of what they look like and what might cause them.

Canker sores

Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small lesions that usually develop inside the gums or lips, or on the tongue. They are round in shape with a white or yellow centre and a red border.

This type of mouth sores is not contagious and isn’t usually a cause for concern, although they can cause some discomfort, especially when eating. They usually heal by themselves within a few weeks.

However, if you notice that the sore persists, or that you frequently have canker sores, you should be evaluated by a medical professional to ensure you have no underlying health conditions.

Gingivostomatitis

Gingivostomatitis is a type of oral infection that can cause blisters, sores and inflammation to occur in the mouth. It can cause some pain and can come with side effects such as bad breath and fever. Gingivostomatitis often develops due to a virus or bacteria which can come about as a result of poor oral hygiene. While this condition usually affects children, it can occur in adults as well.

Cold sores

Cold sores are small, fluid-filled blisters that typically form on the lips or the corners of the mouth. They are common, viral infections, caused by the herpes simplex virus, that can be spread by sharing personal items such as lip products, toothbrushes and utensils.

Mouth sores from orthodontic treatment like braces

Mouth sores caused by orthodontic treatment, such as braces, are common and can be quite uncomfortable. These mouth sores typically occur due to irritation from the braces rubbing against the inside of the cheeks, lips, or gums.

Other types of mouth sores

While we’ve already outlined some of the more common types of mouth sores, below you’ll find a summary of some of the other types of mouth sores you may come across:

• Traumatic ulcers: These are caused by a physical injury or trauma to the mouth, such as biting the cheek or sharp edges of broken teeth irritating the cheeks or gums.
• Candidiasis: Otherwise known as thrush, candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by candida, which leads to white mouth sores, usually on the tongue or inner cheeks. This can occur due to certain medications or a weakened immune system.
  
• Lichen planus: This chronic inflammatory condition can cause white patches, redness and irritation, and open sores.
  
• Leukoplakia: These types of sores are thick, white patches on the gums, the insides of the cheeks, the bottom of the mouth, and sometimes the tongue. These patches may be precancerous and are often a result of excessive smoking.
  

Symptoms of mouth sores

Mouth sores can present various symptoms depending on the type you have (cold sores, canker sores, etc.). In most cases, you will notice some variation of a lesion or blister on or in your mouth, as well as redness and inflammation. You may even feel pain or discomfort before even seeing the mouth sore.

Below you can learn about some of the specific symptoms caused by different types of mouth sores:

• In the case of cold sores, one of the main symptoms is that you may feel tingling or itching around the mouth before you see the sores appear. These types of sores usually appear as fluid-filled blisters on the lips or in the corners of the mouth.
• With canker sores, you may have one or more red bumps with a yellow or white centre that appear on or under your tongue, gums, cheeks or lips. You may feel a slight burning or tingling sensation in the mouth before the sores appear.
  
• With gingivostomatitis, you may notice some sores on the inside of the cheeks, but also additional symptoms such as bad breath and a fever.
  

What causes mouth sores?

Mouth sores, including cold sores and sores on the tongue, gums, or roof of the mouth, can have various causes. Here are some common reasons why mouth sores may develop:

• Infections and viruses: For example, the herpes simplx virus is what causes cold sores. Fungal and bacterial infections are also often what cause mouth sores on the tongue.
• Physical irritation to the mouth: Sharp teeth, dental appliances and accidental biting can irritate parts of the mouth which can lead to sores or ulcers forming.
  
• Nutritional deficiencies: If you are low in minerals or vitamins such as iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid, you may develop mouth sores, especially on the tongue.
  

Several triggers can increase your likelihood of having mouth sores. For example, stress, excessive exposure to UV rays, or having a weakened immune system from a different illness can make you more susceptible to developing mouth sores or having recurring sores.

How to remove mouth sores or relieve discomfort: the best treatments

Mouth sores, including canker sores and cold sores, can be painful and bothersome. Here are some tips on how to alleviate the pain caused by mouth sores or remove them completely:

1. Antiviral medications: If your mouth sore has been caused by a virus, like with cold sores, the best treatment to take is an antiviral medication which can be prescribed by your doctor.
2. Topical creams or ointments: Your doctor or pharmacist may prescribe you a cream or ointment depending on the type of sore you have. These often provide a cooling or numbing sensation to alleviate the discomfort caused by the sore.
   
3. Salt water: Swirling salt water around your mouth can help reduce bacteria and speed up the healing of the affected area.
   
4. Cold compresses: Helpful especially if you have sores on your lips or in the corners of your mouth, a cold, damp cloth can help reduce irritation.
   
5. Supplements: Taking supplements may be an effective treatment if you have canker sores due to deficiencies in the likes of iron and vitamin B12.
   
6. Natural treatments like honey or aloe vera: Both honey and aloe vera can be applied directly to mouth sores as both have anti-inflammatory properties which can help with healing.
   

As well as these treatments, there are some tips you can follow which can reduce inflammation and help speed up the healing process:

1. Maintain a good oral hygiene routine to prevent further infection.
2. Avoid acidic or spicy foods that could further irritate mouth sores or ulcers.
   
3. Drink plenty of water to keep your mouth hydrated and to help flush out any bacteria.
   

By following these tips, you can effectively alleviate the discomfort caused by mouth sores. If you have sores that persist or get worse, make sure you consult with a medical professional so that you can find the right treatment for you.

How to treat mouth sores from orthodontic treatments like braces

If you have a mouth sore from braces and are wondering how to treat it, you can simply follow the recommendations outlined above.

However, if you’re seeking immediate relief, you can use orthodontic wax to create a barrier between your braces and the part of your mouth where you feel discomfort.

Avoid mouth sores and irritation with Impress clear aligners

Aligning your teeth with Impress clear aligners helps prevent bacteria from accumulating between crooked or crowded teeth, reducing the risk of mouth sores. Additionally, unlike traditional metal braces, Impress clear aligners are discreet, comfortable, and removable, further decreasing the likelihood of mouth sores associated with orthodontic appliances.

Learn about our treatments with clear aligners or other treatments we have available by visiting your nearest Impress clinic. Book your free orthodontic evaluation online, through WhatsApp or by calling us on +44 20 3808 1072.